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Description
This is a redone version of my first timeline: A Ragamuffin World. It was done a few years ago (around 2020), but I did not publish it until last December. I came a long way since then, and I did not like some details it had (such as a lack of Texas, German-controlled Austria, and a Paraguay with sea access). The point of divergence is the same as its first itineration, although there have been changes in other aspects; for example, America's failure against Santa Anna's Mexico led to a successful Dixie uprising against the North. In the original timeline, Mexico was successful in holding back the Americans, but the Confederates failed to win the civil war.

Point of Divergence: October 1836, Battle of the Fanfa, Ragamuffin War.
In 1835 a rebellion broke out in the Brazilian province of São Pedro do Rio Grande do Sul. Inspired by liberal ideals, the rebels - who became known as the "Ragamuffins" due to their ragged clothes - challenged the central authority of the Empire of Brazil. The Empire was led by a regency, which was incapable of exercising authority, leading to several simultaneous rebellions across Brazil. Among these revolts, there was the Ragamuffin Revolution.

After the Battle of the Seival, in which the Ragamuffins obtained a sound triumph over the Imperials, Ragamuffin general Antônio de Sousa Neto was convinced by a republican clique of the army to proclaim the Riograndense Republic. From there, it was a revolution no more, but a total war against the central government.

After sinking a large portion of the Brazilian navy and capturing multiple cannons at the Battle of the Fanfa, the Ragamuffins obtained a series of victories over the imperials during the period of 1836-1839, advancing north towards the province of Santa Catarina, establishing the Juliana Republic. Although the imperials managed to push the ragamuffins back to Porto Alegre, the Second Siege of Porto Alegre was a failure, and the road to Rio de Janeiro was laid open by 1842.
However, there was no need to capture the Brazilian capital: amidst the chaos reigning in the Empire, with multiple provinces in the North and Northeast already declaring independence, Emperor Peter II was exiled to France by a clique of the military. The generals then went to recognize the independence of rebellious Brazilian provinces. Riograndense independence was recognized on 29 July 1845, after almost ten years of war.

North America:
*Canada: Canada is a dominion of the UK, and Quebec still is a pain in the arse. At least the Canadians got Alaska after the Russian defeat in the Great War.
*United States of America: their fiasco against Santa Anna's Mexico paved way for an earlier (and even bloodier) Dixie uprising against the Yankees. Nonetheless, the country recovered and remained a bastion of democracy and freedom.
*Confederate States of Dixieland: after seceding from America in 1855, the Dixies attempted to establish their own colonial empire in the Caribbean - without success. Was the last country in the Western Hemisphere to abolish slavery, doing so in 1910. Some Confederate states clung to segregation as late as 1980.
*Republic of Texas: successfully separated from Mexico in 1835-1836, refused to become an American state during the Mexican-American War. During the Mexican attempt to reconquer Texas in 1850, the Texans refused to yield, leading to the Second Federalist War in Mexico.
*Republic of the Rio Grande: although their first attempt to secede from Mexico failed, "second time's the charm", they say in Rio Grande. Declared independence once again in 1851, this time with official Texan support.
*California Republic: another breakaway state of the Second Mexican Federalist War, California relied only on themselves to obtain independence from the Mexicans. The Americans offered the Californians an opportunity to become a state, which was never officialized due to the American Secession War.

South America:
*Confederation of Peru-Bolivia: the South American behemoth, with a troubled past involving several separatist wars and rebellions against the confederal government. Almost became a socialist republic in the 1960s, leading to a civil war that razed the entire country. Still recovering from the scars of the Civil War.
*Communes of Para and Amazonia: a country encompassing most of what would be OTL Brazilian Amazon, became a confederation of socialist republics (or communes, as they call it) during the 1930s. Poorer than Haiti.
*Republic of Goyaz: comprising the Brazilian Center-west, Goyaz is famous for being the "world's capital of the Oxen", due to its extremely large population of oxen and bulls. Goyaz's president himself is an "oxen magnate".
*Republic of Maragnan: despite its independence being proclaimed by peasants and former slaves, Maragnan (or Maranhão, in Portuguese) quickly became led by a new class of oligarchs. Sparsely populated, its independence from Para and Amazonia is guaranteed by its neighbors - the Confederation of Equador.
*Republic of Cearah: despite being a small country, Ceará has five out of the 15 most violent cities in South America.
*Confederation of the Equator: densely populated, Equador has a long-standing rivalry with their southern neighbors of Bahia over control of the São Francisco River. Recently industrialized, Equador is a rising regional power.
*Republic of Bahia: the Baianos declared independence from Brazil in 1838 in a movement known as the Sabinada. Highly militarized, Bahia became a democracy for the first time in its history only in 1993 after years of being dominated by landowners. Nowadays, it is dominated by left-wing populists.
*Minas Geraes: once the crown jewel of the Portuguese Empire due to its rich gold mines, Minas Gerais was one of the last provinces to secede from the Empire of Brazil. Has one of the largest iron deposits in the world, only behind Australia; no wonder its name literally means "general mines" in Portuguese.
*Republic of Guanabara: often considered to be the rump state of the Empire of Brazil, Guanabara was one of the first post-Brazilian republics to adopt democracy.
*Republic of Saint Paul: the world's largest producer of coffee, São Paulo allied with Minas Gerais in the struggle for independence in an event known as the Liberal Revolts. Competed with the Riograndense Republic and Argentina over immigrants. Has the largest Japanese and Arabic population in the Americas.
*Republic of Paranah: Paraná was, for most of its history, either a province of São Paulo or a satellite state of the Riograndense Republic. Still is considered to be a buffer state between the Riograndense-aligned Southern Cone and the Paulista-dominated Brazilian southeast. One of the most developed South American countries, nonetheless.
*Catarinense Republic: the Republic of Saint Catherine had its independence declared in 1839 - against the will of the majority of its inhabitants. A historical ally of Uruguay and the Riograndense Republic, the Catarinense Republic was one of the members of the Triple Alliance against Paraguay during the Paraguayan War of 1865-1870.
*Riograndense Republic: "If Chile is South America's Prussia, then the Riograndenses are the South American Spartans," once said a foreign statesman. A country with a turbulent past, the Riograndense Republic was almost everything a country could be: a caudillo republic for most of the 19th century, a liberal republic (1867-1890), a technocracy (1890-1905), an oligarchy masquerading as a technocracy (1905-1938), a populist republic (1938-1962), a socialist republic (1962-1964), a military dictatorship (1964-1972), and finally a modern democratic republic (from 1972 onwards). Nowadays it is a fairly developed country by South American standards, with a stable government and strong economy.
*Argentine Confederation: after the Uruguayans, Riograndenses, and Entrerrianos deposed Argentine dictator Juan Manuel de Rosas, Argentina had little time to prepare for the Paraguayan incursion of 1858. Weren't for the later War of the Triple Alliance, in which Uruguay, Rio Grande do Sul, and Saint Catherine dismantled the growing Paraguayan threat, Argentine wouldn't have recovered their region of Mesopotamia. Despite that military blunder, Argentina grew exponentially and competes with Peru-Bolivia to influence the rest of South America.

Europe:
*Kingdom of Portugal: While Portugal did become a republic, the experiment was short-lived: following their defeat in the Great War and the subsequent loss of Angola and Mozambique to the Germans, radicalized elements of the army were the protagonists the Night of Torment and expelled the republicans from the country, restoring the Kingdom of Portugal.
*Kingdom of Spain: Republican Spain never was a thing in this timeline. Otherwise, Spain remained pretty much the same, although it is richer and more populated thanks to the lack of a massive civil war in the 1930s.
*French Republic: after losing the Great War, the French Republic fell into anarchy. After losing all of its colonies (minus Algeria) and even parts of northern and southern France, the French radicalized like seen before - remember the ideals of "Liberty, Equality, Fraternity"? Well, this time these ideals were sort of upside down. In 1938 the Kingdom of France signed a pact of friendship with the Soviet Union, which in fact was dividing Europe into two spheres of influence: the socialist and the cordialist. Too bad the French lost even harder the second time...
*United Kingdom: the sun never sets on the British Empire... or does it? Despite being spared from most of the rage of the Germans, Britain did lose some of its colonies to the Kaiser as a result of its intervention in the Invasion of Belgium. They learned from their mistakes and sided with the Germans during WW2 - only to be invaded by France and have to fight an arduous trench warfare on their own soil. Hey, at least the British managed to "pacify" Ireland.
*German Empire: the German Empire is, well, a little bigger, having annexed Luxembourg and parts of Belgium during the Great War and "pacified" Czechia during the Austrian-Hungarian War of 1937. Having survived two world wars, Germany became a superpower, forming the European Commonwealth in 1950. Has several satellite states, from Belgium to Transcaucasia.
*Kingdom of Italy: the Italians did not betray their allies in the Great War, and as a result, they got Tunisia, Corsica, and a portion of the southeastern French territories that previously were part of Italy. Italy also got Egypt-Sudan as free real estate during the 1920s, while Ethiopia... eh, Italians do not like to talk about Ethiopia.
*Hungarian Republic: the Hungarians got independence from Austria in a blood-soaked revolution during the 1930s, resulting in the collapse of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. The causes of the collapse are many, but the most important is the Great Depression, which hit Hungary harder than Austria. The refusal of Austrian authorities to implement further federalization reforms is also important.
*Kingdom of Finland: yes, that's right, Finland's a Kingdom and is bigger in this timeline. Led by a Hohenzollern, the Finnish were a pivotal piece in assisting the Germans against the Russians in both WW2 (1939-1946) and the Grunge Wars (1991-1995).
*Republic of Crimea: Crimea is independent - at least on paper. In reality, it is a German satellite state. Ukrainians and Russians still want to fight over control of the peninsula.
*United Kingdom of Caucasia: this improbable union of Georgia, Azerbaijan, and Armenia had everything to be a disaster - but it prospered and became an example for its neighbors, except by the fact it is yet another German puppet.
*Ottoman Empire: "What is an Istanbul" once said Gary Johnson. As the Ottomans and the Young Turks managed to defeat the British in Arabia, Constantinople remained the Ottoman capital and the Ottoman Empire still is a thing. After decades of unrest and violent uprisings in the Levant and Iraq, the Ottoman Caliph gave autonomy to the Arabs, a move that nearly brought an end to the Empire due to military coup attempts and assassination plots on the Caliph. Still, the Ottomans are no longer a "sickman" of anything.
*Russian Empire: Russia went from a socialist republic to a totalitarian, theocracy in the span of 30 years. After their defeat to the Germans in the 1990s, the Eurasian Union was dissolved, paving way for a restored Russian empire.

Asia:
*Imperial State of Iran: although Iran is by no means a liberal democracy, it's slowly reforming into something akin to a democratic constitutional monarchy.
*Indian Empire: the Indians obtained independence from the British in the 1950s after a long and extremely bloody war. Thanks to competent administrations and the looming threat of Japanese invasion, the Indian subcontinent stayed united under a federalized elective constitutional monarchy.
*Empire of Japan: Japan did not join the Great War and remained neutral. Still went on an imperialist spree during the Great War and did not learn a single thing.
*Chinese Warlords: China is divided into 10 warlords whose ideologies range from "batshit insane" to "Pol Pot". Oh, and there also is the Manchurian Japanese puppet-prince claiming all of China and regular Japanese incursions - as we are speaking, Japan is bombing Nanjing.
*Socialist Republic of Rizalia: the Filipino Revolution established Southeast Asia's first socialist republic in 1928. Poverty remains an issue, though.
*Tannu Tuva: Tannu WHAT?

Africa:
*Republic of Somalia: "What is a civil war?" asks a random Somali.
*South Africa: remained as a dominion of the United Kingdom. Abolished all forms of segregation in the 1960s following British pressure.
*Biafra, Nigeria, and Sokoto: the three republics that formed during the Nigerian Civil War still are fighting over several internal and international issues.
*Kingdom of Egypt-Sudan: the truly African power, Egypt was an Italian colony from 1923 until 1954 when it got its independence after a German-backed coup. Rich enough to buy the Suez Canal - but only if their current owners, the British, wanted to sell it.
*Kingdom of Kamerun: the richest Subsaharan country, it is a dominion of the German Empire: it is nominally independent, but its head of state is the German Kaiser.

Description
This is a redone version of my first timeline: A Ragamuffin World. It was done a few years ago (around 2020), but I did not publish it until last December. I came a long way since then, and I did not like some details it had (such as a lack of Texas, German-controlled Austria, and a Paraguay with sea access). The point of divergence is the same as its first itineration, although there have been changes in other aspects; for example, America's failure against Santa Anna's Mexico led to a successful Dixie uprising against the North. In the original timeline, Mexico was successful in holding back the Americans, but the Confederates failed to win the civil war.

Point of Divergence: October 1836, Battle of the Fanfa, Ragamuffin War.
In 1835 a rebellion broke out in the Brazilian province of São Pedro do Rio Grande do Sul. Inspired by liberal ideals, the rebels - who became known as the "Ragamuffins" due to their ragged clothes - challenged the central authority of the Empire of Brazil. The Empire was led by a regency, which was incapable of exercising authority, leading to several simultaneous rebellions across Brazil. Among these revolts, there was the Ragamuffin Revolution.

After the Battle of the Seival, in which the Ragamuffins obtained a sound triumph over the Imperials, Ragamuffin general Antônio de Sousa Neto was convinced by a republican clique of the army to proclaim the Riograndense Republic. From there, it was a revolution no more, but a total war against the central government.

After sinking a large portion of the Brazilian navy and capturing multiple cannons at the Battle of the Fanfa, the Ragamuffins obtained a series of victories over the imperials during the period of 1836-1839, advancing north towards the province of Santa Catarina, establishing the Juliana Republic. Although the imperials managed to push the ragamuffins back to Porto Alegre, the Second Siege of Porto Alegre was a failure, and the road to Rio de Janeiro was laid open by 1842.
However, there was no need to capture the Brazilian capital: amidst the chaos reigning in the Empire, with multiple provinces in the North and Northeast already declaring independence, Emperor Peter II was exiled to France by a clique of the military. The generals then went to recognize the independence of rebellious Brazilian provinces. Riograndense independence was recognized on 29 July 1845, after almost ten years of war.

North America:
*Canada: Canada is a dominion of the UK, and Quebec still is a pain in the arse. At least the Canadians got Alaska after the Russian defeat in the Great War.
*United States of America: their fiasco against Santa Anna's Mexico paved way for an earlier (and even bloodier) Dixie uprising against the Yankees. Nonetheless, the country recovered and remained a bastion of democracy and freedom.
*Confederate States of Dixieland: after seceding from America in 1855, the Dixies attempted to establish their own colonial empire in the Caribbean - without success. Was the last country in the Western Hemisphere to abolish slavery, doing so in 1910. Some Confederate states clung to segregation as late as 1980.
*Republic of Texas: successfully separated from Mexico in 1835-1836, refused to become an American state during the Mexican-American War. During the Mexican attempt to reconquer Texas in 1850, the Texans refused to yield, leading to the Second Federalist War in Mexico.
*Republic of the Rio Grande: although their first attempt to secede from Mexico failed, "second time's the charm", they say in Rio Grande. Declared independence once again in 1851, this time with official Texan support.
*California Republic: another breakaway state of the Second Mexican Federalist War, California relied only on themselves to obtain independence from the Mexicans. The Americans offered the Californians an opportunity to become a state, which was never officialized due to the American Secession War.

South America:
*Confederation of Peru-Bolivia: the South American behemoth, with a troubled past involving several separatist wars and rebellions against the confederal government. Almost became a socialist republic in the 1960s, leading to a civil war that razed the entire country. Still recovering from the scars of the Civil War.
*Communes of Para and Amazonia: a country encompassing most of what would be OTL Brazilian Amazon, became a confederation of socialist republics (or communes, as they call it) during the 1930s. Poorer than Haiti.
*Republic of Goyaz: comprising the Brazilian Center-west, Goyaz is famous for being the "world's capital of the Oxen", due to its extremely large population of oxen and bulls. Goyaz's president himself is an "oxen magnate".
*Republic of Maragnan: despite its independence being proclaimed by peasants and former slaves, Maragnan (or Maranhão, in Portuguese) quickly became led by a new class of oligarchs. Sparsely populated, its independence from Para and Amazonia is guaranteed by its neighbors - the Confederation of Equador.
*Republic of Cearah: despite being a small country, Ceará has five out of the 15 most violent cities in South America.
*Confederation of the Equator: densely populated, Equador has a long-standing rivalry with their southern neighbors of Bahia over control of the São Francisco River. Recently industrialized, Equador is a rising regional power.
*Republic of Bahia: the Baianos declared independence from Brazil in 1838 in a movement known as the Sabinada. Highly militarized, Bahia became a democracy for the first time in its history only in 1993 after years of being dominated by landowners. Nowadays, it is dominated by left-wing populists.
*Minas Geraes: once the crown jewel of the Portuguese Empire due to its rich gold mines, Minas Gerais was one of the last provinces to secede from the Empire of Brazil. Has one of the largest iron deposits in the world, only behind Australia; no wonder its name literally means "general mines" in Portuguese.
*Republic of Guanabara: often considered to be the rump state of the Empire of Brazil, Guanabara was one of the first post-Brazilian republics to adopt democracy.
*Republic of Saint Paul: the world's largest producer of coffee, São Paulo allied with Minas Gerais in the struggle for independence in an event known as the Liberal Revolts. Competed with the Riograndense Republic and Argentina over immigrants. Has the largest Japanese and Arabic population in the Americas.
*Republic of Paranah: Paraná was, for most of its history, either a province of São Paulo or a satellite state of the Riograndense Republic. Still is considered to be a buffer state between the Riograndense-aligned Southern Cone and the Paulista-dominated Brazilian southeast. One of the most developed South American countries, nonetheless.
*Catarinense Republic: the Republic of Saint Catherine had its independence declared in 1839 - against the will of the majority of its inhabitants. A historical ally of Uruguay and the Riograndense Republic, the Catarinense Republic was one of the members of the Triple Alliance against Paraguay during the Paraguayan War of 1865-1870.
*Riograndense Republic: "If Chile is South America's Prussia, then the Riograndenses are the South American Spartans," once said a foreign statesman. A country with a turbulent past, the Riograndense Republic was almost everything a country could be: a caudillo republic for most of the 19th century, a liberal republic (1867-1890), a technocracy (1890-1905), an oligarchy masquerading as a technocracy (1905-1938), a populist republic (1938-1962), a socialist republic (1962-1964), a military dictatorship (1964-1972), and finally a modern democratic republic (from 1972 onwards). Nowadays it is a fairly developed country by South American standards, with a stable government and strong economy.
*Argentine Confederation: after the Uruguayans, Riograndenses, and Entrerrianos deposed Argentine dictator Juan Manuel de Rosas, Argentina had little time to prepare for the Paraguayan incursion of 1858. Weren't for the later War of the Triple Alliance, in which Uruguay, Rio Grande do Sul, and Saint Catherine dismantled the growing Paraguayan threat, Argentine wouldn't have recovered their region of Mesopotamia. Despite that military blunder, Argentina grew exponentially and competes with Peru-Bolivia to influence the rest of South America.

Europe:
*Kingdom of Portugal: While Portugal did become a republic, the experiment was short-lived: following their defeat in the Great War and the subsequent loss of Angola and Mozambique to the Germans, radicalized elements of the army were the protagonists the Night of Torment and expelled the republicans from the country, restoring the Kingdom of Portugal.
*Kingdom of Spain: Republican Spain never was a thing in this timeline. Otherwise, Spain remained pretty much the same, although it is richer and more populated thanks to the lack of a massive civil war in the 1930s.
*French Republic: after losing the Great War, the French Republic fell into anarchy. After losing all of its colonies (minus Algeria) and even parts of northern and southern France, the French radicalized like seen before - remember the ideals of "Liberty, Equality, Fraternity"? Well, this time these ideals were sort of upside down. In 1938 the Kingdom of France signed a pact of friendship with the Soviet Union, which in fact was dividing Europe into two spheres of influence: the socialist and the cordialist. Too bad the French lost even harder the second time...
*United Kingdom: the sun never sets on the British Empire... or does it? Despite being spared from most of the rage of the Germans, Britain did lose some of its colonies to the Kaiser as a result of its intervention in the Invasion of Belgium. They learned from their mistakes and sided with the Germans during WW2 - only to be invaded by France and have to fight an arduous trench warfare on their own soil. Hey, at least the British managed to "pacify" Ireland.
*German Empire: the German Empire is, well, a little bigger, having annexed Luxembourg and parts of Belgium during the Great War and "pacified" Czechia during the Austrian-Hungarian War of 1937. Having survived two world wars, Germany became a superpower, forming the European Commonwealth in 1950. Has several satellite states, from Belgium to Transcaucasia.
*Kingdom of Italy: the Italians did not betray their allies in the Great War, and as a result, they got Tunisia, Corsica, and a portion of the southeastern French territories that previously were part of Italy. Italy also got Egypt-Sudan as free real estate during the 1920s, while Ethiopia... eh, Italians do not like to talk about Ethiopia.
*Hungarian Republic: the Hungarians got independence from Austria in a blood-soaked revolution during the 1930s, resulting in the collapse of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. The causes of the collapse are many, but the most important is the Great Depression, which hit Hungary harder than Austria. The refusal of Austrian authorities to implement further federalization reforms is also important.
*Kingdom of Finland: yes, that's right, Finland's a Kingdom and is bigger in this timeline. Led by a Hohenzollern, the Finnish were a pivotal piece in assisting the Germans against the Russians in both WW2 (1939-1946) and the Grunge Wars (1991-1995).
*Republic of Crimea: Crimea is independent - at least on paper. In reality, it is a German satellite state. Ukrainians and Russians still want to fight over control of the peninsula.
*United Kingdom of Caucasia: this improbable union of Georgia, Azerbaijan, and Armenia had everything to be a disaster - but it prospered and became an example for its neighbors, except by the fact it is yet another German puppet.
*Ottoman Empire: "What is an Istanbul" once said Gary Johnson. As the Ottomans and the Young Turks managed to defeat the British in Arabia, Constantinople remained the Ottoman capital and the Ottoman Empire still is a thing. After decades of unrest and violent uprisings in the Levant and Iraq, the Ottoman Caliph gave autonomy to the Arabs, a move that nearly brought an end to the Empire due to military coup attempts and assassination plots on the Caliph. Still, the Ottomans are no longer a "sickman" of anything.
*Russian Empire: Russia went from a socialist republic to a totalitarian, theocracy in the span of 30 years. After their defeat to the Germans in the 1990s, the Eurasian Union was dissolved, paving way for a restored Russian empire.

Asia:
*Imperial State of Iran: although Iran is by no means a liberal democracy, it's slowly reforming into something akin to a democratic constitutional monarchy.
*Indian Empire: the Indians obtained independence from the British in the 1950s after a long and extremely bloody war. Thanks to competent administrations and the looming threat of Japanese invasion, the Indian subcontinent stayed united under a federalized elective constitutional monarchy.
*Empire of Japan: Japan did not join the Great War and remained neutral. Still went on an imperialist spree during the Great War and did not learn a single thing.
*Chinese Warlords: China is divided into 10 warlords whose ideologies range from "batshit insane" to "Pol Pot". Oh, and there also is the Manchurian Japanese puppet-prince claiming all of China and regular Japanese incursions - as we are speaking, Japan is bombing Nanjing.
*Socialist Republic of Rizalia: the Filipino Revolution established Southeast Asia's first socialist republic in 1928. Poverty remains an issue, though.
*Tannu Tuva: Tannu WHAT?

Africa:
*Republic of Somalia: "What is a civil war?" asks a random Somali.
*South Africa: remained as a dominion of the United Kingdom. Abolished all forms of segregation in the 1960s following British pressure.
*Biafra, Nigeria, and Sokoto: the three republics that formed during the Nigerian Civil War still are fighting over several internal and international issues.
*Kingdom of Egypt-Sudan: the truly African power, Egypt was an Italian colony from 1923 until 1954 when it got its independence after a German-backed coup. Rich enough to buy the Suez Canal - but only if their current owners, the British, wanted to sell it.
*Kingdom of Kamerun: the richest Subsaharan country, it is a dominion of the German Empire: it is nominally independent, but its head of state is the German Kaiser.